Neiker Tecnalia,Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Nekazal Ikerketa eta Garapenako Euskal Erakundeahttp://www.neiker.net/Neiker,Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario. Nekazal Ikerketa eta Garapenako Euskal Erakundea Thu, 17 May 2012 00:00:00 GMThttp://www.ikt.esesA study by the UPV/EHU-University of the Basque Country and Neiker-Tecnalia points to the importance of seeking new pine varieties resistant to climate changeMon, 30 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMTThe radiata pine is the tree species par excellence in the Basque Country’s forests. Like other types of pine, the lack of water is one of the factors having the greatest effect on its survival and productivity. Until now, the Basque Country’s high, steady rainfall has encouraged the cultivation and good productivity of this species. This situation could change over the coming years if, in line with the predictions of climate change, average temperatures rise and droughts become more frequent and intense.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia uses internal heat of soil to condition its eco-greenhouse, based on geothermal and other renewable energiesTue, 3 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMTThis novel system achieves the temperature and air conditioning of the installation in an environmentally friendly manner as it is non-contaminant and cuts the need to use fuels by more than 60%.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia to draw up new methodology to preserve biodiversity of grazing pasturesTue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMTThe project is called SOIL-Montana and has been approved by the European Union within the remit of the LIFE+ programmes.

]]>Ramon Juste, a researcher belonging to NEIKER-TECNALIA, re-elected President of the International Association of ParatuberculosisWed, 14 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMTDr. Ramón Juste was re-elected as President of the International Association for Paratuberculosis in the last session of the Governing Board, held in Sydney on February 5.

]]>Neiker –Tecnalia leads a project to research biological and chemical aspects of microalgae to fuel approachMon, 5 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMTThe aim is to achieve a production process economically viable and environmentally friendly

]]>New functional feed for ornamental aquacultureWed, 1 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMTProbiotika, Discusland, Neiker-Tecnalia and the Basque Country University are collaborating on a project to develop functional feed for ornamental aquaculture.

]]>The AGROLCA manager project is designed to improve sustainability in the agro-industrial sectorWed, 1 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia, the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, in coordination with the consulting companies IKT (agri-food and rural area sector) and IK Ingeniería (ecodesign and environmental innovation of products and services) have come together to set up the AGROLCA manager project, funded by the LIFE+ programme. The initiative involves developing a piece of specialised software that will contribute towards improving the sustainability of the agro-industrial sector and cutting the environmental impact of its products to a minimum. This computing tool is due to be completed by 2014.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia confirms the bio-disinfection with semi-composted manure for the control of pathogensTue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMTResearchers from the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, have demonstrated the efficacy of semi-composted manure in combination with plastic sealing of the soil, for control of Phytophthora capsici, a fungus disease that severely affects peppers grown in greenhouses. The aim of the research, developed in the doctoral thesis of biologist Mireia Núñez-Zofia, was to evaluate bio-soil disinfectants to combat the proliferation of pathogenic organisms that not only combat the proliferation of pathogens, but are also environmentally friendly and economically viable.

]]>III Internationall RoK-FOR ConferenceTue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMTThe EU 7th Framework Programme project RoK-FOR (Sustainable Forest Management providing renewable energy, sustainable construction and bio-based products) will be hosting its third international conference in the Basque Country, Spain on 22-23-24 February 2012.

]]>Photovoltaic solar panels for power generation in greenhousesMon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMTWith the support of the ULMA Group’s innovation area, ULMA Agrícola, following the agreement signed with Tecnalia through its Energy Unit, has installed photovoltaic modules on one of its two glass greenhouse units measuring approximately 400 m2 which are situated at NEIKER-Tecnalia.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia report that noise pollution reduces the presence of songbirds in citiesMon, 21 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMTA study by the University of the Americas (Universidad de la Américas Puebla) in Mexico and the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, highlights the fact that noise pollution has negative effects on songbirds in cities. The field work, carried out in urban parks in the Metropolitan Area of Puebla-Cholula (Mexico), reveals that the green zones most affected by noise have less bird species. Among the birds better adapted to urban conditions are various species of finches, sparrows and thrushes. The authors of the study say that noise is a novel environmental factor to be taken into consideration when analysing urban biodiversity.

]]>NEIKER-Tecnalia finds genetic material to counter ‘pitch canker’ and ‘pine wilt’Tue, 15 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT• Proper forest management can limit the effects of disease
• Researchers analyzed the 15 most abundant species of conifers

Diseases known as ‘pine wilt’ and ‘pitch canker’ are those which affect conifer plantations in the Basque Country the most, especially pinus radiata, the most common tree species in this Autonomous Community. Researchers at the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, have managed to find genetic material resistant to both pathologies, opening up great possibilities, through genetic enhancement, for achieving trees immune to them. Likewise the researchers consider that correct forestry management could significantly limit the pernicious effect of both diseases, even to the point of eradication in the case of ‘pitch canker’.

]]>System to reuse with health guarantees, sludge from wastewater.Tue, 15 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT • Calcinor GROUP NEIKER-Tecnalia and GAIKER-IK4, develop a system for reuse, with health guarantees, sludge from wastewater

 • Apply lime to sanitize sludge from sewage treatment plants and permit their use in agriculture with full guarantee for food security

]]>NEIKER-Tecnalia, organizes an informative day, to raise awareness of the latest technological developments in viticultureWed, 21 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMTNEIKER-Tecnalia, organizes an informative day, to raise awareness of the latest technological developments in viticulture The Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER - Tecnalia, in collaboration with the Regulatory Councils of Txakoli of Alava and Bizkaia, hosted a technology transfer conference, in orther to release the main lines of research which is working to improve the competitiveness of the wine sector.

]]>Available the warning station brochures of NEIKER - TecnaliaTue, 16 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMTNEIKER - Tecnalia has distributed a brochure about its pest and disease alerts service in major crops of the regions of Alava. The leaflet can be obtained in any District Agricultural Office of Álava, in the ´Union of Farmers and Ranchers of Álava (UAGA) in the Association of wineries of Rioja Alavesa (ABRA), as well as the Basque Government and the Provincial Council of Alava.

]]>Two agricultural Arab companies visit NEIKER - Tecnalia to reach agreements on provison of new potato varietiesTue, 16 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMTRepresentatives of companies, General Trading RIFCO (Syria) and Organic Mahalliah Al-(Saudi Arabia), have visited the NEIKER - Tecnalia facilities to get to know at first-hand their potato breeding programs, their seed certification services and aeroponic production system of mini-tubers.

]]>A software to undertake Life Cycle Analysis of wine and grape-growingThu, 4 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMTResearchers at the Basque Institute For Agricultural Research and Development (Neiker-Tecnalia) are to develop a computer tool - already tried out in other sectors – applied to the requisites of the wine and grape-growing industry (including legal and market conditions, ecolabelling, Carbon Footprint, etc). The software, amongst other functions, will manage the main environmental impact of and will incorporate the Best Available Techniques for grape-growing and wine production. The computer tool will contribute to improving the competitiveness of viticulture companies and will favour sustainable development in its economic, social and environmental aspects.

]]>Climate change could alter the conditions for the growth of oaks in EuskadiTue, 28 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia has carried out a research on the evolution of the Basque country´s forests caused by climate change
Researchers have conducted this study based on the most pessimistic scenario and severe climate change
Neiker-Tecnalia has undertaken a study on the evolution of the future distribution of forest habitats in the Basque Country, that determines that climate change could alter the conditions necessary for the growth of a tree so representative in the Basque country as the oak. The study was conducted on the assumption that in the future, the conditions of climate change more severe and pessimists will be complied and notes that by 2080, the oak in the Basque Country, would suffer a significant reduction or almost total habitat, because in our territory, wooded areas would not fulfil with the varying temperature and humidity necessary for their development. Technicians of Neiker-Tecnalia believe that this study highlights the trend towards ´mediterraneización´ forests of Euskadi.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia and URA will carry out joint actions for the conservation of water resourcesThu, 9 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, and Basque Water Agency, URA, have signed a cooperation agreement to undertake joint actions in conservation and recovery of water resources in the Basque Country. The agreement is valid until December 2012 and be extended by agreement between the two parties.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia leads an international project to identify or develop potatoes adapted to climate changeMon, 6 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, is leading an international project with the goal of developing new potato varieties which are tolerant to the effects of climate change, as well as to identify already existing cultivars that are capable to resist these effects. These varieties should be suitable for growing under adverse environmental conditions, and contribute in this way to ensure the supply of this foodstuff in the least favoured regions of the planet.

]]>Conference on innovation and improvement in the potato of AlavaTue, 31 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe Department of Environment, Planning, Agriculture and Fisheries of the Basque Government, in collaboration with the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER - Tecnalia offer this conference to be held on June 1 in NEIKER facilities in Iturrieta, in which  the main actions being undertaken to promote the potato industry in Álava will be presented.

]]>The project competition Teknoskopioa organized by elhuyar foundation, has already winnersTue, 31 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTLast October Elhuyar Foundation launched the Teknoskopioa project competition, sponsored by the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa. The goal was to immerse young people in the world of research and researchers.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia experts invited in the Technical Workshop on the control of soil and Potato diseases in ValladolidTue, 31 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTAbout a hundred potato producers and technicians went to Medina del Campo (Valladolid) to attend the Technical Symposium organized by Syngenta Agro in which different experiences and strategies for soil and plant disease control, which affect seriously potato production, such as nematodes, alternaria or mildew were analyzed.

]]>2º Master in professional innovative ennologyTue, 31 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe period for inscription for the 2nd Master in professional innovative ennology is open.

 

]]>NEIKER in the international conference on Approaches to Assessing the Science and Technology PolicyTue, 31 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTNEIKER a regular guest at the international conference on Approaches to Assessing the Science and Technology Policy for the exchange of good practices, which was held in Astana, Kazakhstan, the 26 and May 27, 2011.

]]>Recognition of the work of NEIKER-Tecnalia at the XVIth International Congress of ANEMBETue, 31 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe team of Animal Health of NEIKER-Tecnalia has been awarded one more year, with the 3rd prize for the best oral communication at the International Congress ANEMBE of Bovine medicine, held on 12 and 13 May 2011 in Avila, for his excellent research work on Q fever

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia participates in a European project for improving the welfare of farm animals Tue, 17 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTProyectoThe Department of Animal Production at Neiker-Tecnalia,  with the cooperation of Ikerbasque, is participating in the AWIN -Animal Welfare Indicators project. This research project financed by the European Union counts with international experts in animal welfare from 11 centres . The group of researchers met at the Scottish Agricultural College of the University of Edinburgh on the 10 and 11 of May, to initiate a research project with the fundamental objective  of  designing protocols of evaluation for the welfare of sheep, goats, horses, donkeys and turkeys, with special emphasis on determining possible early warning indicators of pain amongst these species. The study also aims to determine to what extent maternal stress caused by a number of handling practices may affect to the potential  of their offspring.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia, chosen as EU technological centre to identify new varieties of potato Mon, 16 May 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, has been commissioned to undertake technical identification examinations for registering new varieties of potato in Spain and that originate in the European Union, thus becoming the technological centre of reference in potato matters at a European level. The Basque technological centre was designated by the Ministry of the Natural Environment, Rural and Marine Environment (MARM) as the scientific body charged with determining whether a new variety of the tuber complies with conditions necessary to be registered as such. Neiker-Tecnalia will carry out this technical control for all new varieties of the potato when requested by the EU.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia obtains best optimisation of production of cloned Pinus genus described to dateWed, 27 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia (the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development) is working on the development of new biotechnological tools to produce in vitro selected trees of the Pinus genus. Scientists at this technological centre have developed various techniques for propagation of Pinus radiata, Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris by using tissue culture. These methodologies enable obtaining a great quantity of clonal material, which can be used both in genetic improve programmes and experimentation, and in programmes of reforestation according to market demands.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia research – to obtain more productive, resistant and sustainable oil palmsMon, 11 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia (the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development) is carrying out research, the objective of which is to improve oil palm crops through genetic enhancement. Its Biotechnology Department is currently working on the development of the technique known as Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) with the goal of optimising the production and quality of this crop. This technique enables detecting new genes which have important characteristics, such as resistance to diseases, greater production of best quality oil and better adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress.

]]>NEIKER-Tecnalia aims to obtain high quality starch with new tools that genetically improve the potatoWed, 30 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia (the Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development) is realising a project for obtaining high quality starch in potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum) using new molecular and genetic tools. The aim of the research is to produce starches which have better physicochemical conditions for its industrial use, as well as for producing healthier and more functional foodstuffs.

]]>Irrigation telecontrol system created by NEIKER-Tecnalia and Arson company saves up to 20 % of water per harvestMon, 7 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia (the Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development) has been working with Arson engineering company in the creation of an irrigation telecontrol system which will enable saving up to 20 % of water for each harvest, compared to traditional irrigation methods. With this technology, known as Aquarson, the programming of the irrigation shifts and the consumption of water are controlled in a centralised way, enabling a management based on hydraulic and energy criteria which increase the efficiency of use of the irrigation system.

]]>The biologist Fernando Rendo investigates wide diversity within certain ovine, bovine and equine breeds in the Basque Country Autonomous Community and NavarraThu, 3 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMTFernando Rendo has developed genetic-molecular tools, with the intention of completing the genealogical tree of certain ovine, bovine and equine breeds in the Basque Country Autonomous Community (CAPV–EAE) and Navarre. Concretely, he opted for numerous microsatellites (a type of DNA sequence) and certain SNPs (a kind of variation in the DNA sequence) that can act as biomarkers for characterising genetic structures. With these he constructed panels that were applied to various sheep breeds (Latxa, Carranzana, Sasi Ardi and Navarra), cattle breeds (Pyrenean, Betizu, Terreña and Monchina) and equine breeds (Pottoka, Jaca Navarra, EuskalHerriko Mendi Zaldia and Burguete).

]]>Urdaibai (Nature Reserve) Scientific Guide publishedThu, 3 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe aim of the Urdaibai Scientific Guide is to gather together and synthesise existing scientific knowledge on the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (a wetwater nature reserve in the Basque province of Bizkaia). The manual, edited in CD format, is the result of a series of activities undertaken by the ‘UNESCO Cathedra on Sustainable Development and Environmental Education at the University of the Basque Country’.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia: Productivity and quality of grape vary according to plot of vineyard under cultivationWed, 2 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMTNot all the terrain of the same vineyard has the same properties. Research undertaken by Neiker-Tecnalia (the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development) confirmed that, over the same zone of cultivated land, there are plots with soils of different characteristics, a fact which gives rise to significant differences in the production of the grape and in the quality of the must. Knowing these differences enables the winegrowers to carry out zoning on their vineyards with the goal of better adapting to the needs of fertilisation, irrigation and treatment of the vine. Likewise, it enables carrying out a selective harvest, with plots producing batches of different qualities.

]]>NEIKER - Tecnalia is working on a project on the impacts of climate change and possible measures to adapt to these impacts in EuskadiTue, 1 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, NEIKER - Tecnalia, works on the second phase of K-Egokitzen, a research project designed to advance knowledge about the impacts of climate change and possible ways to adapt to impacts.

This project´s main objective is to design adaptation strategies for natural and anthropogenic systems in response to possible scenarios resulting from climate change impacts in Euskadi, effective and affordable strategies from an economic point of view, following the subsequent assessment and analysis of the cost of not addressing the cost to make. All based on a rigorous and precise knowledge of the local impacts of climate change on the BAC systems


 

]]>Biologists from various research centres in the Basque Country believe that American mink can be eradicated from SpainThu, 20 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMTThe American mink is an exotic invasive species which is colonising a good number of Spanish rivers, where they are competing with the European mink, an autochthonous species in danger of extinction. The Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, has been working with researchers from other centres in the Basque Country in order to evaluate the biological and economic viability of the control and eradication of the American mink. According to the first results, recently published in scientific journals of international prestige, it is possible to eliminate this invasive species from the State territory, the estimated cost for which would be close to 5,600,000 euros, less than that earmarked for the conservation of other species of our fauna.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia makes progress in detection and prevention of infection by visna maedi virus Wed, 19 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMTResearchers at Neiker-Tecnalia (The Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development) have undertaken a study on the epidemiology and diagnosis of infection by visna/maedi virus. This is a virus that affects sheep herds causing chronic interstitial pneumonia, mastitis and neurological disorders. The study confirmed that horizontal transmission (direct contact between infected animals) of the virus is the most likely path of infection, rather than vertical transmission (from infected suckling milk or colostrum). Since there is no current effective treatment against this virus, the study demonstrated the importance of control methods aimed at reducing direct contact between infected animals.

]]>Energy efficiency systems applied to greenhouses, which reduce gas emissionsTue, 11 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMTThese new systems also contribute to improve the energy efficiency of crops by up to 90%, which means that only loses 10% of energy generated.


 

]]>NEWCO produce seed potatoes in the air, without soilWed, 3 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMTThe land is no longer necessary for potatoes breeding. At least, for growing potatoes. NEWCO, Society for technology transfer in potato, in collaboration with the Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, is carrying out a project for the production of tubers in air, using a novel system known as aeroponics. This system manages to increase productivity, because you can get about 20 tubers per plant instead of 3 or 4 which are obtained by conventional methods. Also, avoid the incidence of diseases that exist in the soil and is a significant saving of water and fertilizer.

]]>Need to undertake epidemiological monitoring programmes for ticks confirmed by Neiker-TecnaliaMon, 4 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMTResearchers at the Basque Institute of Agricultural Research and Development, Neiker-Tecnalia, have undertaken a study of ticks, tick-borne diseases and the reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens, which has confirmed the importance of continous surveillance programs to monitor these arthropods. The research was undertaken in the Basque Country and has revealed an increase in the abundance of ticks due to the rise in the average winter temperatures. It has also pointed out that the most abundant species in the area is Ixodes ricinus, considered to be the vector of various pathogenic agents. The study is part of the PhD thesis by veterinarian Jesus Felix Barandika Iza, who has confirmed the need to undertake epidemiological monitoring programmes for ticks in order to help the implementation of efficacious measures for reducing the risk of infections transmitted by ticks to people and animals.

]]>Neiker-Tecnalia study use of rapeseed and sunflower oils to produce fuel and food for herdsThu, 22 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMTThe oil extracted from oleaginous plants can be used as a fuel for agricultural vehicles without any reduction in their performance – thus enabling farmers to have greater energy self-sufficiency. Besides this, a sub-product known as oilcake is extracted, and which is optimum fodder for animal herds, given its significant protein and fatty acids content.

]]>Annual Report 2009Thu, 15 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMTAs is the case every year, we are pleased to present our annual report containing some of the landmark events that stood out in 2009.

]]>NEIKER - Tecnalia study the potential applications of microalgae in the food and energy sectorsTue, 13 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMTNeiker-Tecnalia is involved in the photosynthetic production of biomass with high energy content to obtain biofuel. One of the major goals of the ALGAS project, funded by the Basque Government, is the selection of microalgal and cyanobacterial species and their adaptation to intensive culture under local climate conditions. Accordingly, the centre has a collection of algal species with high energy content (high lipid or sugar content) as well as a pilot plant for algal culture, harvesting and processing to get the final biomass.

]]>International experts believe bovine paratuberculosis close to being eradicatedThu, 1 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMTA group of 85 international experts, amongst whom are two scientists from NEIKER-Tecnalia, believe that the illness known as bovine paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease can be eradicated by means of control programmes, new vaccines or the sacrifice of infected animals. This was the main conclusion from the meeting between scientists last February in the Scottish town of Inverness, within the framework of the European Commission (ParaTBTools) project on the mentioned illness.

]]>NEIKER - Tecnalia takes part in a conference on encephalopathies organized by the College of Veterinarians of BizkaiaWed, 23 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMTOn 7th june, the researcher of NEIKER-Tecnalia, Belen Rodriguez, will give atalk at the auditorium of the Agicultural school of Derio within the conference prion encephalopathies of unknown etiology organized by the college of veterinarians of Bizkaia in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries of the Basque Government.

]]>A balanced protein diet can reduce accumulation of nitrogen on dairy cattle farms by up to 35%Thu, 10 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMTImproving the nutrition of dairy cattle is a key instrument for reducing the environmental problems caused by the accumulation of nitrogen on dairy farms. Research conducted in the Basque Institute for Agricultural Development and Research, Neiker-Tecnalia, and led by the biologist Haritz Arriaga in collaboration with the Universitat Autònoma in Barcelona, has demonstrated that up to 35% of the accumulated nitrogen on dairy farms in the Basque Country can be reduced with a balanced diet in protein content without reducing milk production.

]]>Mining environments plants can cure in short time soils that became ill because of pollutionFri, 28 May 2010 00:00:00 GMTWhen conditions are adverse, there is no choice but to adapt.The plants do it so as well. Some herbs that grow on  miners lands have unusual resistance, are used to living in a toxic environment and know how to cope. On this adaptability, Lur Epelde researcher of NEIKER has used these plants as herbal remedies for contaminated soils.

]]>NEIKER - Tecnalia attend as a speaker in a course on egg production LabelFri, 23 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMTOn 29 April, researcher NEIKER - Tecnalia, Inma Estevez, will give a presentation on behavior laying hens, in seminar Production of Eggs Labelorganized by the training center Itsasmendikoi.

]]>Seminar on the effects of agricultural practices on forage rotationsFri, 23 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMTNEIKER - Tecnalia expose the April 30 INIA project findings Effect of agricultural practices on soil health, production and quality of forage crop rotations.

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